Personensicherheit im Mehrfamilienhaus : Untersuchung der Rauchgasströmung bei einem Kellerbrand in Bezug zum einsatztaktischen Vorgehen der Feuerwehr

Abstract

In close cooperation with the Landesfeuerwehrschule Baden-Württemberg, both a 'design fire’ and an 'observation fire' is elaborated and simulated with the Fire Dynamics Simula-tor (FDS) software. It is characterized in the context of the building regulations and engi-neering methods in the area of fire protection. An apartment building in an urban area is the object of interest. As an assumption, an extended basement fire with an open base-ment door and realistic ventilation opening areas is studied. Respecting various modeling configurations of the fire and flue gas simulation using CFD, an extensive and highly de-tailed building structure can be implemented. Based on the functional requirements and quantification of the personal safety protection objective, three meaningful performance and verification criteria are defined. Thermal, toxic, and visual properties of the fire smoke are analyzed based on the procedure of the self-rescue and external rescue phase of the residents. In addition to the investigation of the necessary stairwell, the assessment of the damaging effect of smoke and toxic inha-lation by the residents behind a tightly closed apartment door is highly relevant. By devel-oping and implementing a model for the behavior of smoke leakage through tightly clos-ing apartment doors, corresponding times for defensive fire protection can be derived. The integration of tactical approaches of the fire department into the simulation results in a detailed recreation of the described scenario. For the practical implementation of all relevant aspects, six fire and smoke gas simulations are carried out with varied parame-ters. Both an uninfluenced development and simulated intervention by the fire depart-ment are considered. The three performance and verification criteria are exceeded in the area of the necessary stairwell in all carried out simulations before the arrival of the emergency forces. By inte-grating tactical measures, a positive change of the surrounding conditions in the stairwell and apartments can be observed. A focused combination of fire fighting and ventilation measures in the course of the external rescue phase, results in a significant improvement.