Design and Characterization of Semi-Transparent Silicon-Based Photovoltaic Modules for Dual-Use Solar Applications

Abstract

The integration of semi-transparent photovoltaic (STPV) panels into agricultural and greenhouse systems offers a promising pathway for achieving dual land use - simultaneous crop cultivation and solar power generation. This study presents a comprehensive theoretical and experimental analysis of two monocrystalline silicon-based STPV panel configurations designed for optimal light transmission and energy output under the climatic conditions of Jizzakh Region, Uzbekistan. The panels were fabricated using tempered glass–EVA–glass structures with controlled inter-cell spacing, resulting in light transmittance levels of approximately 54% (Type 1) and 68% (Type 2) in the visible spectrum. Spectrophotometric measurements confirmed that transmittance within the 400–700 nm photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) range reached 85–95%, ensuring sufficient illumination for crop photosynthesis. A solar radiation transmission model was applied for tilt angles between 25° and 45°, revealing that a 35° inclination provides optimal annual irradiance balance. Comparative analysis with crop-specific daily light integral (DLI) requirements demonstrated that Type 2 panels are suitable for high-light-demand crops (e.g., tomato, cucumber, eggplant, bell pepper), while Type 1 panels are more appropriate for moderate-light vegetables (e.g., lettuce, basil). The findings support the use of customized STPV panel designs in agrivoltaic applications to improve both energy efficiency and plant productivity, contributing to sustainable agricultural development in arid and semi-arid regions.