Environmental Impact of Renewable Energy Technologies and Ensuring Their Sustainability

Abstract

This study analyzes the environmental impact of renewable energy technologies and develops strategies to minimize their carbon footprint. Based on life cycle assessment (LCA), it was found that wind power has the lowest carbon footprint-10-15 kg CO₂-eq/MWh, while solar energy demonstrates the highest impact-40-50 kg CO₂-eq/MWh-mainly due to the energy-intensive production of polysilicon and the complexity of end-of-life disposal. Hydropower occupies an intermediate position (5-30 kg CO₂-eq/MWh) but has a considerable effect on ecosystems. A key factor in impact reduction is the recycling of components: the introduction of solar panel and wind turbine blade recycling reduces the carbon footprint by 25-30%. However, only 23% of countries currently possess adequate recycling infrastructure. Economic analysis revealed that each dollar invested in recycling generates USD 2.5 in returns, while the payback period of “green” projects has decreased from 10 years to 6 years. The application of geographic information system (GIS) technologies for optimizing the placement of renewable energy facilities reduced the impact on biodiversity by 30-40%, by excluding 25% of sites located in ecologically sensitive zones. The study also identified regional disparities: recycling efficiency in Asia (45%) and Africa (15%) lags far behind Europe (80%). Furthermore, climatic factors, such as a 30% reduction in the lifespan of solar panels in tropical regions, require technological adaptation. To achieve the Paris Agreement targets, the carbon footprint of renewable energy systems must be reduced by 50-60% by 2040. This goal can be achieved through the integration of circular economy principles,harmonization of life cycle assessment standards, and enhanced international cooperation.