Physicochemical and biological characterization of the TLR7 agonist SZU-106

Abstract

Objective

Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) recognizes single-stranded RNA and plays a crucial role in initiating immune responses against viral pathogens. This study characterizes SZU-106, a recently developed Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) agonist, focusing on its physicochemical and biological properties as key determinants for assessing its suitability for drug product development. Methods

Distribution coefficients (LogD) of SZU-106 were determined in silico and confirmed experimentally by the shake-flask method. Stress stability tests were performed by incubation at different pH conditions using temperatures between room temperature and 60°C. HPLC ESI–MS/MS analysis was applied to determine the main degradation products. Cytotoxicity tests with different reporter cell lines allowed excluding TRL7-mediated as well as unspecific cytotoxicity in THP-1 monocytes and macrophages. Results

The analysis of distribution coefficients conducted at pH 5.6 and 7.4 confirmed the predominantly hydrophilic nature of SZU-106. Stress stability testing revealed the stability of SZU-106 in neutral aqueous solutions, while rapid degradation was noted under acidic and basic conditions with rate constants of 2.21·10–3 d-1 to 0.39 h-1. HPLC ESI–MS/MS analysis showed that SZU-106 primarily degrades via hydrolytic cleavage of its amide bonds, with four major degradation products identified and structurally characterized. Cytotoxicity assays with THP-1 monocytes and differentiated macrophages at increasing drug concentrations (10 -1000 µM) illustrated no off-target cytotoxicity and only mild, time-dependent, receptor-mediated effects in TLR7-overexpressing THP-1 cells at high SZU-106 concentrations. Conclusions

This evaluation of SZU-106 supports its further development as a therapeutic TLR7 agonist, with formulation strategies representing the next stage for drug development.