Thermoplasmonic Generation of Gold Nanorods Based on Size and Structure

Abstract

Thermoplasmonic phenomena have emerged as a key area in plasmonic research because of their ability to utilise metallic nanostructures for generating nanoscale heat. Gold nanorods (GNRs) are particularly promising in this field due to their unique geometry, which enables dual plasmonic resonance modes – longitudinal and transverse. These modes allow efficient absorption of light at different wavelengths, which enhances their thermoplasmonic capabilities. GNRs serve as efficient nanoscale heat sources by converting absorbed light into heat through electron–phonon and phonon–phonon interactions. The versatility of plasmonic GNRs has led to widespread applications in biomedical fields, such as photothermal cancer therapy, drug and gene delivery and photoacoustic imaging. However, challenges persists in optimising the control of heat distribution and minimising dependence on costly photothermal agents and devices. Recent developments in photosensitising materials and laser technologies, including diode lasers, have considerably expanded the potential of thermoplasmonic applications in medicine. This study focuses on the impact of size, structure and the surrounding medium on the plasmonic and thermoplasmonic performance of GNRs. The aim is to enhance the efficiency of GNRs in therapeutic and diagnostic applications.