Biomechanical validation of a tibial critical-size defect model in minipigs

Abstract

Background: Autologous cancellous bone grafting still represents the gold standard for the therapy of non-healing bone defects. However, donor site morbidity and the restricted availability of autologous bone grafts have initiated scientists to look for promising alternatives to heal even large defects. The present study aimed to evaluate the biomechanical potential and failure properties of a previously developed metaphyseal critical-size defect model of the proximal tibia in minipigs for future comparisons of bone substitute materials. Methods: Fresh-frozen minipig tibiae were divided into two groups, with half undergoing the creation of critical-size defects. Specimens were subjected to biomechanical fatigue tests and load-to-failure tests. CT scans post-test verified bone damage. Statistical analysis compared the properties of defected and intact specimens. Findings: In this model, it was demonstrated that under uniaxial cyclic compression within the loading axis, the intact tibiae specimens (8708 ± 202 N) provided a significant (p = 0.014) higher compressive force to failure than the tibiae with the defect (6566 ± 1653 N). Interpretation: Thus, the used minipig model is suitable for comparing bone substitute materials regarding their biomechanical forces and bone regeneration capacity.