Initiator-free synthesis of semi-interpenetrating polymer networks via Bergman cyclization

Abstract

Semi-interpenetrating polymer networks (semi-IPNs), composed of two or more polymers, forming intertwined network-architectures, represent a significant type of polymer combination in modern industry, especially in automotive and medical devices. Diverse synthesis techniques and plentiful raw materials highlight semi-IPNs in providing facile modifications of properties to meet specific needs. An initiator-free synthesis of semi-interpenetrating polymer networks via Bergman cyclization (BC) is reported here, acting as a trigger to embed a second polymer via its reactive enediyne (EDY) moiety, then embedded into the first network. (Z)-oct-4-ene-2,6-diyne-1,8-diol (diol-EDY) is targeted as the precursor of the second polymer, swollen into the first polyurethane network (PU), followed by a radical polymerization induced by the radicals formed by the BC. The formation of the semi-IPN is monitored via electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, infrared-spectroscopy (FT-IR), and thermal methods (DSC), proving the activation of the EDY-moiety and its subsequent polymerization to form the second polymer. Stress−strain characterization and cyclic stress−strain investigations, together with TGA and DTG analysis, illustrate improved mechanical properties and thermal stability of the formed semi-IPN compared to the initial PU-network. The method presented here is a novel and broadly applicable approach to generate semi-IPNs, triggered by the EDY-activation via Bergman cyclization.